While nothing is certain in investing, the trend of investors pouring more money into exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and pulling cash out of mutual funds continues unabated.
ETFs have become the darling of financial media, with a chorus of industry pundits sounding the death knell for mutual funds as ETF adoption soars to new levels.
Yet looking beyond the headlines and to internet traffic paints a different picture. According to Google Trends data, Americans consistently search for mutual funds more often than ETFs.
Before the pandemic, the number of searches for mutual funds was typically double the rate of searches for ETFs. Since the pandemic, the gap has narrowed somewhat, with ETFs typically trailing search volume for mutual funds by less than 50%. However, the notable gap in search volume persists, and ETFs have never registered more search results than mutual funds in any given month.
States where searches for mutual funds are most popular include interior states such as North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Wyoming, and Wisconsin.
Coastal states lead in interest for ETFs, with Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Colorado, and Florida among the leading states for ETF search volume search queries. However, even in these states, searches for mutual funds still outweigh total searches for ETFs, albeit by a smaller margin.
The findings raise questions over the appeal of investment vehicles as financial advisors across the US consider what drives interest between the two asset classes.
The Growth of ETFs
ETFs have come a long way since visionary investors like Jack Bogle helped pioneer them decades ago. Launching in relative obscurity in the early 90s, the first funds like the SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY) that tracks the S&P 500 Index, moved from relative obscurity to see big gaining momentum in the 2000s.
At the start of the millennium, total ETF assets under management in the U.S. sat at around $100 billion but have since hurtled on to reach $7 trillion in 2021. The secular trend has reshaped the investing landscape, with ETF issuers like Vanguard and BlackRock emerging as industry giants and an ever more varied stream of new themed funds being released. However, in spite of the dizzying growth of ETFs, their main rival – mutual funds – exert staying power.
“Despite the growing popularity of ETFs, mutual funds continue to hold their ground as a preferred investment option for many investors,” says Jorey Bernstein, CEO and Founder of Bernstein Investment Consultants. “The familiarity, range of investment options, and the presence of financial advisors promoting mutual funds contribute to their sustained popularity in today’s world.”
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The Dominance of Mutual Funds in 401(k) Plans
ETFs may be popular when individual investors invest their savings on their own, but they may not be weighted as heavily in employer-sponsored retirement plans like 401(k) plans. Mutual funds remain deeply embedded into the retirement savings vehicles system.
“Most Americans, young and retired, hold their investments in retirement accounts like 401(k) plans. 401(k) plans rarely allow ETFs and primarily use mutual funds for investing so that can definitely account for more searches for mutual fund tickers than ETFs across all states and even ages,” says Doug “Buddy” Amis, CFP, CLU and President at Cardinal Retirement Planning.
This ongoing reliance on mutual funds could be to the detriment of savers, though.
“Unfortunately, the financial services industry has often relied on more expensive mutual fund share classes for retirement plans (e.g., with higher costs from revenue sharing to cover the plan expenses),” says Amis. “You might be surprised if you search your mutual fund name and find your share class is not only more expensive than ETFs, it is loaded with 12b-1 fees and more.”
Yet fees are what money managers live on, which means many managers are happy to keep things the way they are.
Jonathan Bird, CFP, wealth advisor of Farnam Financial, says the public general ignorance of ETFs is not an accident.
“I’ve talked with thousands of investors during my career, and roughly one of five could tell you what ETF stands for or how their trading differs from mutual funds,” he said. “Mutual funds get the most advertising because this is where asset managers generate the highest fees. Follow the money!”
Could a New Breed of ‘Active’ ETFs Dethrone Mutual Funds?
Active ETFs have been growing as an asset class in recent years as investors move beyond the orthodoxy of purely passive investing that has characterized the ETF movement for decades. Unlike traditional ETFs designed to automatically track the performance of a diverse basket of stocks that infrequently change, active ETFs often invest in fewer stocks traded more frequently by human portfolio managers who decide which stocks to buy.
Lower fees, little to no discounts on net assets value, and streamlined accessibility through exchanges have formed a trifecta of factors that have made these funds alluring more investors, according to Financial Times’ David Stevenson.
The U.S. leads in ETF adoption compared to other regions like Europe, where most ETFs tend to be heavily concentrated in the ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG), and fixed-income space.
Data from Morningstar shows that capital is flowing into actively managed ETFs at a faster rate than both passive ETFs and actively managed mutual funds this year.
“The rise of actively managed ETFs offers a potential ‘third path’ that combines the advantages of mutual funds and ETFs, providing investors more options and flexibility in their investment strategies,” says Bernstein.
If the sun really does set on mutual funds, most investment industry professionals would much rather active ETFs take their place than passive funds. The former’s higher fees (usually ranging between 0.5-0.9% per annum), will allow them to keep their nests nicely feathered.
One thing is clear, the proliferation of new investment vehicles has lowered the cost of entry to investing and is ultimately to the advantage of investors who have more choice than ever about where to put their money.
About the author
Contributing Writer, Wealthtender
Liam Gibson is a Taiwan-based freelance journalist who covers tech, geopolitics, and finance. He has written for Al Jazeera, Nikkei Asia Review, South China Morning Post, Straits Times, National Interest, and has appeared in Fortune Magazine, and several other international media outlets.
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Disclaimer: This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial advice. You should consult a financial professional before making any major financial decisions.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between an ETF and a mutual fund?
Both pool investors’ money into a basket of securities, but they trade differently. ETFs trade on an exchange throughout the day at market prices, much like stocks, while mutual funds are bought and sold once a day at the net asset value calculated after the market closes. Mutual funds may also require minimum initial investments, whereas an ETF can usually be bought one share at a time.
Are ETFs more tax-efficient than mutual funds?
Generally, yes. Because of how ETF shares are created and redeemed in kind, ETFs typically distribute fewer capital gains to shareholders than comparable mutual funds, which can mean lower tax bills in a taxable brokerage account. The difference does not matter inside tax-advantaged accounts such as a 401(k) or IRA.
Why do most 401(k) plans offer mutual funds instead of ETFs?
Retirement plan recordkeeping systems were built around mutual funds, which price once a day and easily accept small, regular payroll contributions, so the intraday trading that makes ETFs attractive offers little benefit inside a 401(k). As this article notes, some plans use higher-cost mutual fund share classes that include revenue sharing or 12b-1 fees. Reviewing your plan’s fee disclosure can show what you are actually paying.
What is an active ETF?
An active ETF is an exchange-traded fund whose holdings are chosen by a portfolio manager rather than set to track an index. It combines active management with ETF features such as intraday trading and, typically, the tax efficiency of the ETF structure. Active ETFs usually cost more than index ETFs but often less than comparable actively managed mutual funds.